Techno World

,d System fdlh laxBu dks ;k mlls lEcf/kr leL;kvksa dks le>us dk ,d rfjdk gS blds lkFk lkFk ;g fofHkUu rduhfd;ksa dk lekos’k Hkh gS dks tks fdlh lxaBu esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA System ’kCn xzhd 'kCn Systema ls cuk gs A ftldk vFkZ fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds e/; ,d O;ofLFr lEcU/k gksrk gS fdlh System dh LFkkiuk ;k vfLrRo fdlh y{; dks izkIr djus ds fy, gksrk gS ;s y{; ,d ;k ,d ls v/khd Hkh gks ldrs gS A

izfrfnu ge fofHkUu System ds lEidZ esa vkrs gSa tSls Vsfydksu sys.  account system - production suys.  etc. blh izdkj  O;kikfjd laxBu Hkh ,d System gksrk gSSa tks fd NksVs NksVs System tSls Sales, Production vkfn ls fey dj curk gSa

System dks ge dbZ rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrsa gSa ijUrq bldh lkekU; ifjHkk"kk fuEu izdkj nh tk ldrh gSa  “system fofHkUu Hkkxkssa dk lewg gksrk gSa tks ijLij vk/kkfjr ,oa O;ofLFkr dze esa ,d nwljsa ls tqM+s gksrs gSa bldk mn~ns’; fdlh fuf’pr y{; dks izkIr djuk gksrk gSa

;s Hkkx lkekU; ;k tfVy] vk/kkjHkwr ;k vk/kwfud Hkh gks ldrs gSa mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d dEi;qVj keybord, cpu rFkk printer ds lkFk Hkh tqMk gks ldrk gSa ;k fofHkUu vU; computers ds lkFk Hkh ijUrq gj O;oLFkk esaa ;g fofHkUu Hkkx feydj ,d system dk fuekZ.k djrsa gSa tks ,d fuf'pr y{; dh izkfIr ds fy, vxzlj gksrk gSa

fdlh system dk v/;;u djus ds ckn ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd

1- ,d system fdlh igys ls fuf'pr y{; dks izkIr djus ds mns'; ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSa

2- fdlh system ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds e/; vkilh lEcU/k ,oa fuHkZjrk vkrh gSa

3- fdlh system esa] fdlh laxBu ds }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k y{; fdlh Hkkx }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd, x, y{;   dks izkIr djuk gksrk gSa u fd vius&vius y{; dks izkIr djuk 

System dh fo'ks"krk,Wa %&

1 -        Organisation

2 -        Interaction

3 -        Interdependence

4 -        Integrations ¼,drk½

5 -        Center objective

(1)        Organisation%& bldk rkRi;Z ,d dze o lajpuk ls gSa ;g fofHkUu Hkkxksas dh ,slk O;olfFkr lk gSa tSlS fdlh fuf’pr y{; dh izkfIr esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gSa mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh O;kikfjd laxBu esa fdlh eSustj dk eSustj ls] eSustj dk vU; deZpkfj;kssa ls lEcU/k ,d lajpuk ;k structure  dks n'kkZrk gSa

bl O;oLFkk dks ge computer ds ek/;e ls Hkh le>k djrs gSa ftl izdkj input device, output device, cpu, memory vkfn laxfBr gksdj ,d computer dk fuekZ.k djrs gS mlh izdkj NksVs&NksVs fudk;  (parts) ,d cM+s fudk; dk fuekZ.k djrs gS A

(2)        Interaction -   bldk rkRi;Z ml rfjds ls gS ftlls fdlh System ds fofHkUu Hkkx vkil esa lEcU/k j[krs gS ;k lkFk feydj dk;Z djrs gS fdlh O;kikfjd system esa Purchase department dks production dep., adver dep. dks sales department  ls lEcU/k j[kuk iM+rk gS rkfd ;s fdlh dk;Z dks lQyrk iwoZd dj lEiUu dj ldsA

        fdlh computer system esa cpu input device ls communication j[krk gSA main memory mu programes  o data dks j[krh gS ftUgs fdlh x.kuk esa iz;ksx esa ykuk gS bu fofHkUu Hkkxksa dk vkilh lEcU/k gh fdlh computer dks dk;Z djus esa l{ke cukrk gS A

(3)        Interdependance - bldk rkRi;Z fdlh  system ds fofHkUu Hkkxks dks ,d nwljs ls fuHkZjrk ls gksrk gS ;s fofHkUu Hkkx vkil esa fdlh ;kstuk ds rgr tqM+s gksrs gS fdlh  System  esa ,d System fdlh vU; sub System }kjk iznku fd, x,  Input ij fuHkZj djrk gS dksbZ sub System fdlh izfdz;k ls xqtjus ds i'pkr tks output nsrk gS ogh output fdlh vU; sub System }kjk input dh rjg iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS bl izdkj ;g izfdz;k pyrh jgrh gS vkSj izR;sd sub-System  y{; izkIrh esas viuk&viuk ;ksxnku nsrs jgrs gSa

(4)        Integration - fdlh system dh v[k.Mrk ;g n'kkZrh gSa fd fdl izdkj ls system ds fofHku Hkkx vius&vius dkeksa dsa yx dj Hkh vkil esas tqM+s jgrs gSa ,d lQy v[k.Mrk  dk fuekZ.k djus esa lgk;d jgrh gSa

(5)        Centeral Objective - fdlh system dh vafre fo'ks"krk dsfUnz;&y{; gksrh gSa dksbZ Hkh y{; ;k mn~ns'; okLrfod ;k ifjHkkf"kr gks ldrk gS fdlh laxBu ds fy, ;g Hkh lEHko gksrk gS fd og ifjHkkf"kr mn~ns'; dks ,oa fdlh vU; mn~ns’; dks ,d lkFk izkIr djus dk iz;kl djsa fdlh  system dh lQyrk ds fy, vko’;d gSa fd user dks dsfUnz;  y{; ds ckjs esa izkjEHk esa gh irk yx tkuk pkfg,

fdlh Hkh System ds fodkl ds dbZ pj.k gksrs gSa ftl izdkj fdlh O;fDr dk Js.khc) fodkl gksrk gS mlh izdkj fdlh System dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gS bl fodkl dks ,d pdz ds ek/;e ls n’kkZ;k tkrk gS vr% bls SDLC dgrs gSaA

Steps of SDLC:-

(1) Identification of Need :- fdlh Hkh leL;k dks gy djus ls iwoZ leL;k dks tkuuk o le>uk vko';d gksrk gSa ;fn leL;k tfVy gSa rks Management mldks gy djus ds fy, Analyst dh lgk;rk Hkh ys ldrk gS cM+s laxBuksa esa Analyst leL;k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS rRi'pkr mldks gy djus dk iz;kl djrk gSa bl pj.k esa Analyst fdlh  System ds fodkl esa vkus okyh ykxr dk lgh vuqeku ugha yxk ikrk gSa ;g vuqeku vxys pj.k ls gh yx tkrk gSA bl pj.k esa Analyst bl ckr dk irk yxkrk gS fd fdlh System dh vko’;drk gS ;k ugha vFkkZr ml flLVe dh vko’;drkvksa dks igpkuk tkrk ftlds vk/kkj ij ;g fu.kZ; fy;k tk lds fd flLVe cuk;k tk; ;k ughaA

(2) Feasibility Study%& izkjfEHkd fufj{k.kks ds i'pkr losZ o fufj{k.kks dk foLrkj fd;k tkrk gS ;s Feasibility Study esa vkrs gSa Feasibility Study fdlh System dh dk;Z'khyrk] laxBu ij izHkko User dh vko';drkvksa dh izkfIr o L=ksrks ds izHkko'kkyh iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij tkaph tkrh gSa bldk eq[; mn~ns'; leL;kvksa dks gy djuk ugha cfYd mu leL;kvksa ds Scope dh tkudkjh izkIr djuk gksrk gSA Feasibility study ds nkSjku leL;kvksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ls mu leL;kvksa ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSa blds vfrfjDr ykxr o ykHk dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS A bl pj.k esa eq[;r% rhu fo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr Feasibility study dh tkrh gS & Economical Feasibility, Technical Feasibility rFkk Social Feasibility.

Feasibility study dk ifj.kke ,d Report gksrh gSa tks fd izLrkfor gykssa (Results) dh tkudkjh nsrh gSa rFkk ;g crkrh gS fd fdlh flLVe dks cukus ds D;k rjhdsa miyC/k gS rFkk muesa ls lcls lgh rjhdk dkSulk gksxkA

(3) Analysis%& ;g fdlh system }kjk fd, tkus okys fofHkUu Operations, mlds vU; System, Sub-System ds lkFk lEcU/kks dk xgu v/;;u gksrk gSA blds vUrxZr eq[; iz'u gksrk gS dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, D;k djuk pkfg, \ fdlh System dh lhekvksa o mlds vU; Systems ds lkFk lEcU/kksa dks fu/kkZfjr djuk Hkh Analysis dk Hkkx gksrk gSa Analysis ds nkSjku Data fofHkUu Files ls ,df+=r fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh Analyst dks vuqHkoh]] ;ksX; o vPNh le> j[kus okyk gksuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh Analysis ds i'pkr Analyst ;g le> ikrk gSa fd vc mls D;k djuk gSa Analisyt dk vxyk dne leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds rfjdksa dks r; djuk gksrk gSa A vr% bl pj.k esa cuus okys flLVe ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu izdkj dh tkudkjh;ka ,df=r dh tkrh gSA rkfd vkxs ds pj.kksa esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh leL;k,a mRiUu u gksA Analysis esa Data ds xyr vkadyu djus ij leL;k mRiUu gksus dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA

(4) Design- SDLC dk lcls fuekZ.kdkjh pj.k System design gksrk gSA Amalysis ds i'pkr~ flLVe dks design djus dh izfdz;k 'kq: gksrh gSA blds vUrxZr nks izdkj dh design kcuk;h tkrh gS& Logical Design rFkk Physical Design. Design 'kCn Final System o mldks fodflr djus esa o mlds iz;ksx esa vkus okyh fofHkUu izfdz;kvksa dks Hkh O;Dr djrk gSA ;g fofHkUu rduhdh fo’ks"krkvksa dks Hkh O;Dr djrk gSA blds vfrfjDr Design 'kCn fofHkUu izxzkeksa ds fuekZ.k o Testing dh fof/k;ksa dks Hkh O;Dr djrk gSA

(5) Implementation%& blds vUrxZr System dks Computer Remote site, tele Communication network vkfn ls tksM+k tkrk gS System Testing ds ek/;e ls System ds accuricy dks tkuk tkrk gSa tc izksxzke rS;kj gks tkrk gSa rks test Data ds }kjk fofHkUu Files dks use fd;k tkrk gSa ;fn ;g iz;ksx lQy gks tkrk gS rks izksxzke dk fdz;kUo;u Excution live data  ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSss ;fn iz;ksx lQy ugha gksrk gS rks Programmes esa ls xyfr;kssa dks fudkyus ds fy, Doagnostic Processer fd;k tkrk gS 

(6) Post-Implementation and maintenance :- System  dks ykxw djus ds ckn Post-Inplementation and maintanance pkyq gksrk gS fdlh Hkh System esa Hardware o Software dh ns[kHkky dk dk;Z le;≤ ij gksrk jgrk gS ;fn System esa dksbZ ifjorZu gksrk gS rks mlds vuqlkj Design esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rFkk Design ds vuq:I Hardware  o Software esa ifjorZu djuk gksrk gS le;≤ ij fd, x, ifjorZu System  dh o`f) esa lgk;d fl} gksrs gS A

पिछली पोस्ट में आपने देखा की सिस्टम क्या है और इसकी विशेषताएं क्या है. उस पोस्ट से आप सिस्टम के बारे में और अच्छे से जान गये होंगे. आज की इस पोस्ट में हम आपको बताएँगे की सिस्टम कितने प्रकार का होता है. 

Type of System :-

(1) Physical System and Abstract System

(2) Open or clased System

(3) Man made information System

(1) Physical System and Abstract System :- ;g ,slh oLrqvksa dk lewg gksrk gS tks fd fLFkj ,oa pyk;eku gksrh gS mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh computer dsUnz esa dqlhZ-] Vscy ;g lc HkkSfrd oLrq, gksrh gS tks fd computer dks dk;Z djus esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gS bUgs ns[kk tk ldrk gS x.kuk dh tk ldrh gS vr% ;s fLFkj oLrq, gS A

blds foifjr Computer esa mifLFkr MkVk] Software etc. abstract  oLrq, gSaA Abstraction ls vk’k; gS fd dsoy mi;ksxh lwpuk,sa gh ;wtj dks crk;h tk;s vFkkZr ,slh oLrq,sa tks ;wt+j dks fn[kk;h ugha nsrh ijUrq os ogka miyC/k gksrh gSA tSls dEi;wVj esa fLFkr Software user dks mi;ksx esa ysus ds rjhds crk;s tkrs gSA tcfd ;g crkus dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gS fd og Software fdl izdkj ls dk;Z dj jgk gSA

(2) Open or Close System :- ;g System viuh lhekvkksa ds b/kj&m/kj izfdz;kvksas o ?kVukvkssa ds vknku&iznku dh vuqefr nsrk gSa ;g System ckgj ls Input xzg.k dj System ls ckgj gh Output ys ysrk gSa bl System ds vUrxZr Information System vkrk gSa

blds foifjr ,d Closed System ckgjh okrkoj.k ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugh j[krk vFkkZr can System dk ckgjh okrkoj.k ls dksbZ izHkko ugh iMrk

(3) Man Mode Information System - dksbZ Hkh Information System fdlh Analyst ;k user ds e/; ckrphr dk vk/kkj gksrk gSas lwpuk fdlh ?kVuk ls lEcaf/kr vfuf'prk dks gVkrh gSa mnkgj.k ds fy, leqnzh lQj ls igys ekSle foHkkx ;s tkudkjh nsrk gsa fd vkt rqqQku ds vkus dh dksbZ lEHkkouk ugh gSa rks ;g lwpuk bl ckr dks fuf'pr djrh gSa fd ;k=k esa dksbZ rqQku ugh vk,xk Information System fofHkUu devices, izfdz;k] fof/k;ksas vkfn Operating system dk lewg gksrk gSa tks fd lwpuk iznku djus esa lgk;d gksrk gS Information System dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSa

1          Formal Information System

2          Informal Information System

3          Computer base information System

(1) Formal Information system :- bl izdkj ds flLVe esa fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks djus dh izdzh;k igys ls gh fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ dksbZ Hkh dk;Z ,d QkeZy rjhds ls iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;g igys ls gh fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS fd fdlh dk;Z dks fdl izdkj iwjk fd;k tk,xkA lk/kkj.kr;% VkWi ysoy ls ckWVe ysoy dh rjQ fd, tkus okys lkjs dk;Z iwoZ fu/kkZfjr rjhds ls gh iwjs gksrs gSA bl izdkj ds flLVe dks ,d chart }kjk le>k;k x;k gksrk gSA ;g chart ,d izdkj dk ekufp= gksrk gS] ftlesas fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa] LFkkuksa o lEcU/kksa dks n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA

(2) Informal Information System :- bl izdkj ds flLVe esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s dksbZ Hkh iwoZ fu/kkZfjr izfdz;k ugha gksrh gSA ;g ,d Employee base System gSa tks fd Personal o O;kikfjd t:jrksa dks iqjk djus o dk;Z lEcU/kh leL;kvksa dks lwy>kus ds fy, Design fd;k tkrk gSa blds ek/;e ls fofHkUu deZpkjh vkil esa Communication dj ldrs gSas tks fd Formal Information System esa lEHko ugh FkkA

(3) Computer based Information System :- ;g rhljh Js.kh dk Information system gS tks O;kikfjd vuqiz;ksxksa ds fy, Computer ij fo’okl djrk gS vktdy Computer lwpukvksa ds fy, vko’;d Source esa ls ,d gS Analyst leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, Computers dk use djrs gS blds fy, vko’;d gSa fd Analyst dks Computer dk Kku gksuk pkfg, dqN Computer vk/kkfjr System fuEu gSaA

;s Graphical tools dk laxzg gS blds ek/;e ls Analyst dks ,d ,sls u;s System dk fuekZ.k djus esa enn feyrh gS tks User ds }kjk vklkuh ls le>k tk lds Structured Analysis, Analyst ds fy, u;s y{;ksa dk Structured Tools dk Use djrh gSa u;s y{; fuEu gksrs gSa

1- tgka rd lEHko gksrk gS User dks vPNs <ax ls le>kus ds fy, Grahics  dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

2- Logical vkSj Physical  System ds e/; varj dks iznf’kZr djrsa gS]

3- User dks System ds xq.k vkSj vkilh lEcU/kks dks Implement djus ls igys ifjfpr djus ds fy, Logical System Model dk fuekZ.k djrs gS

Structured Analysis’s Tools :-

            1. Data Flow Diagram

            2. Data Dictionary

            3. Structurud English

            4. Decision tree

5. Decision table

bldk mnns’; ,d u;k Document cukuk gksrk gS bls System Specification dgrs gS ;g Document System Design vkSj Implementation ds fy, vk/kkj iznku djrk gS la{ksi esa Structured Analysis ds fuEu xq.k gksrs gSa

1- ;g Graphical gksrk gSa] tSls DFD ,d fp= gksrk gS blds }kjk Application

esa mifLFkr lHkh Hkkxksa dks iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

2- Process ds NksVs Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gksus ds dkj.k System dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dk Li"V fp= iznf’kZr gksrk gS

4- ;g User area dk xgu v/;;u djus ds fy, iz;qDr gksrk gS

(1) Data Flow Diagram :-  blds vUrxZr fdlh Hkh leL;k dks le>kus ds fy;s dqN fpUgksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fpUgksa dks vkil esa ,d nwljs ds lkFk tksM+rs gq, leL;k dh 'kq:vkr] MkVk dk Flow rFkk izkslslhax dks le>k;k tkrk gSA pwadh ;g xzkQhdy gksrk gS vr% bl izdkj ls leL;k dks le>uk vklku gks tkrk gS

        DFD esa pkj fpUg iz;qDr gksrs gSa

1. Square ;k oxZ & ;g System ds Source rFkk Destination dks iznf’kZr djrk gS

        2. Arrow:- ;g Data ds Flow dks crkrk gSa

3. Circle:- ;g Process dk n’kkZrk gS ftlds }kjk Incoming Fata Flow dks Outgoing data Flow  esa :ikUrfjr fd;k tkrk gSa

4. Open Rectangle:- ;g Data Storage dks iznf’kZr djrk gSa tgka ij LFkk;h o vLFkk;h Data ,df=r gksrk gSa

	Square

 

                                                       

                            Arrow                                              Open Rectangle

 

DFD izfdz;k eq[; :i ls ogka vR;f/kd izHkko’kkyh gSa tgka ij vko’;d Design  Li"kV ugh gksrh ,oa User rFkk Analyses Communication ds fy, ,d fpfUgr Hkk"kk dh vko’;drk gksrh gSa

(2) Data Dictionary:- DFD esa Data Flow, Process vkSj Data Storage dks uke fn;k tkrk gS ;g Data dk uke bldk foLrkj Extension iznf’kZr ugh djrk gSA vFkkZr~ DFD esa vf/kdrj lwpuk,sa NksVs :i esa gksrh gSA vr% gekjk mn~ns’; ,d Structured LFkku dks cukuk gS tgka ij DFD ds lHkh rRoksa] Data Flow, rFkk Process dks j[kk tk ldsA ;g DFD esa iz;ksx fd, x, lHkh Data elements vkSj Data Dictionary dh iq.kZ ifjHkk"kkvksa dk lewg gksrh gSa Data Dictionary ds fuekZ.k ds nkSjku Analyst dks fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, A

1- izR;sd Data Flow ds fy, Data Dictionary  esa ,d Entry gksuh pkfg,

2- uke ds }kjk gh entry ifjHkf"kr gksuh pkfg,

3- Data definition esa iqujkofrZ o vuko’;d ifjHkk"kk, ugh gksuh pkfg,

4- Defination fy[kus dh fof/k fuf’pr ,oae Li"V gksuh pkfg,

        Data Dictionary Stuctured Spcification dk vVwV fgLlk gSa Data Dictionary ds fcuk DFD v/kwjk gS rFkk DFD ds fcuk Data Dictionary dk dksbZ mi;ksx ugh gksrk vr% nksuks ds chp vkilh lEcU/k vko’;d gSA

(3) Structred English & Dicision tree:- Dicision tree esa 'kk[kk, gksrh gSa ;g Policy  ds Logical Structure  dks ljyrkiwoZd vkjsf[kr djrk gSa ;g cukus le>us rFkk ifjorZu djus esa ljy gksrk gSA ;g Logic dks funsZ’k ds lewg ds :i esa iznf’kZr ugh djrk gSa fd;k tkrk

                        Type of customer        Order                                      Discount

               

                                                Order <5000                                Nil

                                       

                        Wholesaler                   Order >5000 and <10000            15%

Discount                                                          Order >10000                                  25% 

Policy

                                            Order <5000                       Nil    

Retailer                              Order >5000 and <10000                   10%

                                       

                                            Order >10000                       20% 

Decision-Tree

Structured English:- ;g eq[; :i ls Structured  Programming dh rjg gksrh gS bles funsZ’ksa dks iznf’kZr djus ds fy, Logical Constratious vkSj vfr vko’;d okD;ksas dk iz;ksx gksrk gSa dksbZ Hkh Decision If, Then, else tSls okD;ksa }kjk fy;k tkrk gSA

If order is from Wholesaler

and if order is for <5000 copies or more per book title

Else (Order is for more than 5000 and <10000 copies per book title)

Then 10% Discount is allowed

Else (order is from liabraries or Individual customers)

If order is for 50 copies or more per book title

Discout is 15%

(4) Dicision table:- Decision tree dk eq[; nks"k bldh jpuk esa Information dh deh gSa Decision Table Problems dks ifjHkkf"kr djus vkSj fy, tkus okys fu.kZ; dh lwph gS ;g ifjfLFkfr;ksas vkSj fu.kZ; ds chp lEcU/k gS Decision table nks part gksrs gS Stub vkSj Entry

Stub post Hkh nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gksrk gSa mijh Hkkx dks Conditiobn Stub rFkk uhpyk Hkkx Action Stub dgykrk gSA