Sunday, July 15, 2018

जानिये जावा के Variables और उनके Scopes के बारे में


 Variable: - Programs Execution ds nkSjku ftudh Value Change gksrh jgrh gSaA
Constant: - Value Fixed jgrh gSaA
Variables, Java Programs esa Basic Storage ds fy, dke esa fy;s tkrs gSaA Variables, Identifiers, Type rFkk Initializer dk Combination gksrk gSaA Variable dk Scope mudh Visibility rFkk  Life Time dks n’kkZrk gSaA
Variables Declaration: - Java esa Variable dks muds mi;ksx ls igys Declare fd;k tkrk gSaA


Syntax: - Type Identifier = Value;
;gka ij Type, Java dh Data Type esa ls dksbZ ,d Type gksrh gSa tks fd Class dk uke ;k Interface gks ldrk gSaA Identifiers, Variables dk uke gksrk gSaA
Dynamic Initialization of Variables: -Variables ds Dynamic Initialization esa uhps fy[ks Program ds varxZr 2 Variables dks Double Value ls Initialize fd;k tkrk gSaA rFkk rhljk Variable es mUgha Value dks dke esa ysrs gq, ge Variable dk Dynamic Initialize djrs gSAValid Expressions dks dke esa ysdj B Variable Declaration Allow djrh gSaA
class My
{
public static vaid main (String a [])
{
double a = 3.0;
double b = 4.0;
double c;

c = Math.sqrt (a*a+b*b);
                                   
                               class      method
System.out.println (“The Square root of  a and b is:”+ c);
}
}
Scope& Life time Variables:- dksbZ Hkh Variable Main Method ds vanj gh Declare fd;k tkrk gSaA ysfdu Java, Variables dks fdlh Hkh Block esa Declare djus dh vuqefr nsrh gSaA Block, Middle Bracket ({}) ls 'kq: gksrk gSaA rFkk mlh ds lkFk [kRe gksrk gSa rFkk Block ds }kjk gh Variable dk Scope r; fd;k tkrk gSaA cgqr lh Language, Variables ds Scopes dks 2 Categories esa divide djrh gSaA
(i) Global           (ii) Local
Perl, Java esa cgqr ls Global Variable Scope dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSaA Java vius&vius vyx Scope: -
(i) Variables Defined By Class.
(ii) Variables Defined by Methods
dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSaA Class ds }kjk Define fd;s x;s Variable dh dqN Unique Properties rFkk Attributes gksrs gSaA tks mls Method esa Define Variable ls vyx djrs gSaA
Scope ftls Method ds }kjk define fd;k x;k gSaA {} ls 'kq: gksrs gSa] rFkk mudk Scope {} ds can gksus rd jgrk gSaA vr% ;g dg ldrs gSa fd Java Hkh Local o Global Variable dks fHkUu djrh gSaAmUgsa Access fd;k tk ldrk gSaA Scope dks Nested Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

जानिये Type Conversion और Type Casting के बारे में


Type Conversion & Type Casting ds ckjs esa ;fn fiNyk Programming Experience gks rks ge ;g tkurs gSa fd buds }kjk fdlh ,d Vkbi dh Value dks nwljs Vkbi dh Value ds Variable esa Assign fd;k tkrk gSaA ;fn os nksuks Types Compatible gSa rks Comparison rFkk Conversion Automatically gks tkrk gSaA fdlh ,d Vkbi dh Value dks lnSo mls cM+s Vkbi dh Value esa gh Assign fd;k tk ldrk gSa] ijUrq double dks byte esa Convert djuk gSa] rks mls Implicitly Convert ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSaA blds fy, Type Casting dh vko’;drk gksrh gSa] ftlesa InCompatible Type esa Conversion fd;k tk ldrk gSaA vr% Type Casting ds }kjk InCompatible Types esa Explicit Conversion fd;s tkrs gSaA

Automatic Type Conversion: -

 blds vUrZxr tc ,d Vkbi ds MkVk dks nwljs Vkbi ds Variable esa Automatic Convert dj fn;k tkrk gSa rks bl izdkj ds Conversion dks Automatic Type dgrs gSaA ;g Conversion rHkh gks ldrs gSa tc fuEu nks ckrsa Satisfy gksrh gksa :-
(1)    nksuks Types Compatible gksus pkfg;sA
(2)    Source Type ftldk dh Conversion fd;k tk jgk gSa] Destination Type ls NksVh gksuh pkfg,A
tc ;s nksuks dkj.k Satisfy gksrs gSa] rhkh Automatic Type ds Conversions fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
Example: - byte, short, int, long
Character of Boolean Type ds Data dks Interchange ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

InCompatible Types Casting

TSklk fd ge tkurs gSa fd Automatic Type Conversion vklkuh ls Perform fd;s tk ldrs gSa] rFkk os User ds fy, Helpful Hkh gSa] D;ksafd bl izdkj ds Conversion esa fdlh izdkj dh Extra Types dh vko’drk ugha gksrh gSa] ijUrq ;fn fdlh Integer Value dks Byte Value esa Convert djuk gSa] rks og Automatic Conversion ds }kjk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSaA D;ksafd byte, integer ls NksVk gSaA vr% bl izdkj ds Conversion Explicitly fd;s tkrs gSaA vr% ;g dg ldrs gSa] fd In Compatible Type ds e/; Explicitly Conversion fd;s tkrs gSa] ftUgsa Casting of In Compatible Types dgk tkrk gSaA vr% blds fy, Syntax fuEu gSa%&
(Target Type) Value
Byte a;
int i;
a = (byte)i;

System Development Life Cycle क्या है और इसके चरण क्या है?


fdlh Hkh System ds fodkl ds dbZ pj.k gksrs gSa ftl izdkj fdlh O;fDr dk Js.khc) fodkl gksrk gS mlh izdkj fdlh System dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gS bl fodkl dks ,d pdz ds ek/;e ls n’kkZ;k tkrk gS vr% bls SDLC dgrs gSaA


Steps of SDLC:-

(1) Identification of Need :- fdlh Hkh leL;k dks gy djus ls iwoZ leL;k dks tkuuk o le>uk vko';d gksrk gSa ;fn leL;k tfVy gSa rks Management mldks gy djus ds fy, Analyst dh lgk;rk Hkh ys ldrk gS cM+s laxBuksa esa Analyst leL;k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS rRi'pkr mldks gy djus dk iz;kl djrk gSa bl pj.k esa Analyst fdlh  System ds fodkl esa vkus okyh ykxr dk lgh vuqeku ugha yxk ikrk gSa ;g vuqeku vxys pj.k ls gh yx tkrk gSA bl pj.k esa Analyst bl ckr dk irk yxkrk gS fd fdlh System dh vko’;drk gS ;k ugha vFkkZr ml flLVe dh vko’;drkvksa dks igpkuk tkrk ftlds vk/kkj ij ;g fu.kZ; fy;k tk lds fd flLVe cuk;k tk; ;k ughaA

(2) Feasibility Study%& izkjfEHkd fufj{k.kks ds i'pkr losZ o fufj{k.kks dk foLrkj fd;k tkrk gS ;s Feasibility Study esa vkrs gSa Feasibility Study fdlh System dh dk;Z'khyrk] laxBu ij izHkko User dh vko';drkvksa dh izkfIr o L=ksrks ds izHkko'kkyh iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij tkaph tkrh gSa bldk eq[; mn~ns'; leL;kvksa dks gy djuk ugha cfYd mu leL;kvksa ds Scope dh tkudkjh izkIr djuk gksrk gSA Feasibility study ds nkSjku leL;kvksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ls mu leL;kvksa ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSa blds vfrfjDr ykxr o ykHk dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS A bl pj.k esa eq[;r% rhu fo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr Feasibility study dh tkrh gS & Economical Feasibility, Technical Feasibility rFkk Social Feasibility.

Feasibility study dk ifj.kke ,d Report gksrh gSa tks fd izLrkfor gykssa (Results) dh tkudkjh nsrh gSa rFkk ;g crkrh gS fd fdlh flLVe dks cukus ds D;k rjhdsa miyC/k gS rFkk muesa ls lcls lgh rjhdk dkSulk gksxkA

(3) Analysis%& ;g fdlh system }kjk fd, tkus okys fofHkUu Operations, mlds vU; System, Sub-System ds lkFk lEcU/kks dk xgu v/;;u gksrk gSA blds vUrxZr eq[; iz'u gksrk gS dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, D;k djuk pkfg, \ fdlh System dh lhekvksa o mlds vU; Systems ds lkFk lEcU/kksa dks fu/kkZfjr djuk Hkh Analysis dk Hkkx gksrk gSa Analysis ds nkSjku Data fofHkUu Files ls ,df+=r fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh Analyst dks vuqHkoh]] ;ksX; o vPNh le> j[kus okyk gksuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh Analysis ds i'pkr Analyst ;g le> ikrk gSa fd vc mls D;k djuk gSa Analisyt dk vxyk dne leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds rfjdksa dks r; djuk gksrk gSa A vr% bl pj.k esa cuus okys flLVe ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu izdkj dh tkudkjh;ka ,df=r dh tkrh gSA rkfd vkxs ds pj.kksa esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh leL;k,a mRiUu u gksA Analysis esa Data ds xyr vkadyu djus ij leL;k mRiUu gksus dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA

(4) Design- SDLC dk lcls fuekZ.kdkjh pj.k System design gksrk gSA Amalysis ds i'pkr~ flLVe dks design djus dh izfdz;k 'kq: gksrh gSA blds vUrxZr nks izdkj dh design kcuk;h tkrh gS& Logical Design rFkk Physical Design. Design 'kCn Final System o mldks fodflr djus esa o mlds iz;ksx esa vkus okyh fofHkUu izfdz;kvksa dks Hkh O;Dr djrk gSA ;g fofHkUu rduhdh fo’ks"krkvksa dks Hkh O;Dr djrk gSA blds vfrfjDr Design 'kCn fofHkUu izxzkeksa ds fuekZ.k o Testing dh fof/k;ksa dks Hkh O;Dr djrk gSA

(5) Implementation%& blds vUrxZr System dks Computer Remote site, tele Communication network vkfn ls tksM+k tkrk gS System Testing ds ek/;e ls System ds accuricy dks tkuk tkrk gSa tc izksxzke rS;kj gks tkrk gSa rks test Data ds }kjk fofHkUu Files dks use fd;k tkrk gSa ;fn ;g iz;ksx lQy gks tkrk gS rks izksxzke dk fdz;kUo;u Excution live data  ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSss ;fn iz;ksx lQy ugha gksrk gS rks Programmes esa ls xyfr;kssa dks fudkyus ds fy, Doagnostic Processer fd;k tkrk gS 

(6) Post-Implementation and maintenance :- System  dks ykxw djus ds ckn Post-Inplementation and maintanance pkyq gksrk gS fdlh Hkh System esa Hardware o Software dh ns[kHkky dk dk;Z le;≤ ij gksrk jgrk gS ;fn System esa dksbZ ifjorZu gksrk gS rks mlds vuqlkj Design esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rFkk Design ds vuq:I Hardware  o Software esa ifjorZu djuk gksrk gS le;≤ ij fd, x, ifjorZu System  dh o`f) esa lgk;d fl} gksrs gS A

जानिये जावा के फीचर के बारे में Feature Of Java In Hindi

जावा बहुत ही कमाल की लैंग्वेज है. जितनी कमाल की यह लैंग्वेज है उतने ही कमाल के इसके फीचर है. आज की इस पोस्ट में हम जावा के फीचर के बारे में जानेंगे जो आपको जावा के बारे में जानने और समझने में मदद करेंगे.


Feature Of Java In Hindi


(1) Simple:- Java dks Professional Programmers ds fy, Learning vkSj mi;ksx ds fy, vklku ekuk tkrk gSa D;ksfd ;fn og Program igys ls Object Oriented Concept ls tkurk gSa rks Java mlds fy, eqf’dy ugha gksxhA ;fn Programmers C++ ds dqN difficult Concepts dks Hkh gVk fn;k x;k gSa] ftlds dkj.k Java vkSj Hkh vklku cu tkrh gSaA
(2) Object Oriented:- Java dks nwljh Language dh rjg Source Code ij Depend jgus dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSaA bl dkj.k Java Clean, Usable, Pragmatic ¼O;ogkfjd½ ekuk x;k gSaA Java C++ ds dqN Concept tSls%& Inheritance, Encapsulation, Abstraction, Polymorphism dks Hkh Follow djrk gSa rFkk blesa lHkh dk;Z Object ij fd;k tkrk gSaA
(3) Robust (Strong): -Robust Program Create djus ds fy, Java dks High Priority nh xbZ gSaA Java, Programs dh Reliability dks Maintain j[krk gSa rFkk Java, Most Common Errors tks fd Programming izk;% gks tkrh gSa dks Hkh Lo;a gh laHkky ysrk gSaA Java ,d Strictly Type Language gSa] tks Code dks Compile Time ij pSd djrh gSa] lkFk gh Code dks Run Time ij Hkh pSd djrk gSaA Java dks Robust cukus ds fy, nks Main Reason fuEu gSa%&
(a)    Java esa Memory Management ;k Memory dk Allocation ;k DeAllocation Virtually fd;k tkrk gSaA Allocation Completely Automatically gksrk gSaA
D;ksafd Java esa Garbage Collection Facility Available gSa] tks UnUse Objects dks gh Discard dj nsrh gSaA
(b)    Mis Handled Exceptional Conditions:- Program Environment esa dqN Exception dks Java }kjk Lo;a gh Handle dj fy;k tkrk gSaA tSls%& divide by Zero, File not Found, Exception etc.
vr% dg ldrs gSa] Java Programs dh Run Time Errors dks vklkuh ls Handle fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
(4) Multi Treaded:-  Java dh Real Word Requirement dks Fulfill djus ds fy, Design fd;k x;k gSa ftlls Java Programs dks Internet ij vkSj Hkh Interactive cuk;k tk ldsA blds fy, Java Multi Threaded Programming dks Support djrh gSaA ftlds }kjk Programs cgqr ls Operations dks yxkrkj Perform dj ldrs gSaA D;ksafd Java bu Run Time System Multi Process Synchronization dks Support djrk gSaA ftlls Interactive System dks Smoothly Run fd;k tk ldrk gSaA Java dks Easy to Use Approach rFkk Multi Threading  ds }kjk Program dk Behaviour o Speed Hkh c<+ tkrh gSaA
(5) Architectural Neutral: - Java dks Architectural Neutral blfy, dgk tkrk gSa D;ksafd blesa ,d Advance Feature JVM (Java Virtual Machine) gksrk gSaA ftlds }kjk Programmers dk y{; Write Once Run any Where any time forever iwjk gks tkrk gSaA ijUrq fiNyh Languages esa Facility Available ugha FkhA
(6) High Performance: -Java dks Low Power C.P.U. ij vPNh rjg dke djus ds fy, Hkh Design fd;k x;k gSaA Java ds Byte Codes dks cgqr Carefully Design fd;k tkrk gSa ftlls fd ml Byte Code dk Translation, Directly Native Code Machine esa gks tk;sA bl dkj.k Java dh Performance vR;f/kd High gks tkrh gSa rFkk ;g Native Code Conversion JIT (Just in time) Compiler ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSaA bl dkj.k bls Platform Independent Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA ;k blds High Performance Cross Platform Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA
(7) Compile & Interpreted: -Java Cross Platform gksus ds dkj.k blds Programs dks Compile dj ,d Intermediate Code esa Convert fd;k tkrk gSa] ftls Byte Code dgrs gSaA bl Byte Code dks JVM ds }kjk fdlh Hkh Machine ij ys tkdj Interpret fd;k tkrk gSaA blfy, bls Compiler vkSj Interpreter dgrs gSaA
{ tc Java ds Source Code dks Compile fd;k tkrk gSa] rks Java dk Compiler Class File cukrk gSa ftlesa ,d Intermediate Code Generate gksrk gSa] mls Byte Code dgrs gSaA}
(8) Distributed:- Java dks Distributed Language Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA D;ksafd bls Distributed Environment ds fy, gh cuk;k x;k gSaA ;g Internet ds Environment eas Hkh dke djrh gSa] rFkk TCP/IP Protocols dks Hkh Handle djrh gSaA Java dk Original Version ftls OAK dgk tkrk gSa] og Intra Address Space Messaging (IASM) dk dk;Z Hkh djrk gSaA ftlds }kjk nks Different Computer ij ju gks jgs Processors dks Object vklkuh ls fey tkrs gSaA bl izdkj ds Interface ,d Package esa LVksj fd;s x;s gSa] ftls RMI (Remote Method Invocation) dgk tkrk gSaA blds }kjk Client/Server Programming esa Unpredictable Level of Abstraction dks ns[kk tkrk gSaA
(9) Dynamic: - Java Programs dks Run Time Information ds Verify djus rFkk lkFk gh Run Time ij Object dks Access djus dh Permission gksrh gSaA blds dkj.k ;g Possible gqvk fd ;fn dksbZ Code Dynamic Linking Perform dj jgk gSa rks og Safely Execute gksxkA blds }kjk Applets Dynamically Running System ij Hkh Update gks tkrs gSaA
(10) Portable: - Byte Code Conversion ds dkj.k Java dks Portable Language Hkh dgk tkrk gSa D;ksafd cgqr ls Computer ij Different Types ds Operating System ij Hkh vklkuh ls Execute gks tkrs gSaA ftlds dkj.k ;g ,d Portable, Executable Code Generate djrs gSaA
(11) Security: - Security dh n`f"V ls Java Strong Language gSaA igys tc Hkh dHkh Programs dks Download fd;k tkrk gSa rks muds fy, Viral Infection dh vk’kadk cuh jgrh FkhA vr% cgqr ls Programmer us Programs dks Frequently Download djuk can dj fn;kA ;k Downloading ls igys mu Programs esa Virus Scanning dj mUgsa Download fd;k tkrk FkkA Java, Normal System rFkk Internet ds e/; Firewall dk dk;Z djrh gSaaA tc Java ds Web Browsers dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSa rks Java applets fcuk fdlh Extra Document rFkk fcuk fdlh Virtual Infection ds Download dj fy;s tkrs gSaA bl izdkj Java Programs dks Protections, Java ds Web Browsers ds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSaA

जानिये सिस्टम के प्रकार के बारे में Types Of System In Hindi


पिछली पोस्ट में आपने देखा की सिस्टम क्या है और इसकी विशेषताएं क्या है. उस पोस्ट से आप सिस्टम के बारे में और अच्छे से जान गये होंगे. आज की इस पोस्ट में हम आपको बताएँगे की सिस्टम कितने प्रकार का होता है. 


Type of System :-

(1) Physical System and Abstract System
(2) Open or clased System
(3) Man made information System

(1) Physical System and Abstract System :- ;g ,slh oLrqvksa dk lewg gksrk gS tks fd fLFkj ,oa pyk;eku gksrh gS mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh computer dsUnz esa dqlhZ-] Vscy ;g lc HkkSfrd oLrq, gksrh gS tks fd computer dks dk;Z djus esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gS bUgs ns[kk tk ldrk gS x.kuk dh tk ldrh gS vr% ;s fLFkj oLrq, gS A
blds foifjr Computer esa mifLFkr MkVk] Software etc. abstract  oLrq, gSaA Abstraction ls vk’k; gS fd dsoy mi;ksxh lwpuk,sa gh ;wtj dks crk;h tk;s vFkkZr ,slh oLrq,sa tks ;wt+j dks fn[kk;h ugha nsrh ijUrq os ogka miyC/k gksrh gSA tSls dEi;wVj esa fLFkr Software user dks mi;ksx esa ysus ds rjhds crk;s tkrs gSA tcfd ;g crkus dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gS fd og Software fdl izdkj ls dk;Z dj jgk gSA

(2) Open or Close System :- ;g System viuh lhekvkksa ds b/kj&m/kj izfdz;kvksas o ?kVukvkssa ds vknku&iznku dh vuqefr nsrk gSa ;g System ckgj ls Input xzg.k dj System ls ckgj gh Output ys ysrk gSa bl System ds vUrxZr Information System vkrk gSa
blds foifjr ,d Closed System ckgjh okrkoj.k ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugh j[krk vFkkZr can System dk ckgjh okrkoj.k ls dksbZ izHkko ugh iMrk
(3) Man Mode Information System - dksbZ Hkh Information System fdlh Analyst ;k user ds e/; ckrphr dk vk/kkj gksrk gSas lwpuk fdlh ?kVuk ls lEcaf/kr vfuf'prk dks gVkrh gSa mnkgj.k ds fy, leqnzh lQj ls igys ekSle foHkkx ;s tkudkjh nsrk gsa fd vkt rqqQku ds vkus dh dksbZ lEHkkouk ugh gSa rks ;g lwpuk bl ckr dks fuf'pr djrh gSa fd ;k=k esa dksbZ rqQku ugh vk,xk Information System fofHkUu devices, izfdz;k] fof/k;ksas vkfn Operating system dk lewg gksrk gSa tks fd lwpuk iznku djus esa lgk;d gksrk gS Information System dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSa
1          Formal Information System
2          Informal Information System
3          Computer base information System
(1) Formal Information system :- bl izdkj ds flLVe esa fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks djus dh izdzh;k igys ls gh fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ dksbZ Hkh dk;Z ,d QkeZy rjhds ls iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;g igys ls gh fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS fd fdlh dk;Z dks fdl izdkj iwjk fd;k tk,xkA lk/kkj.kr;% VkWi ysoy ls ckWVe ysoy dh rjQ fd, tkus okys lkjs dk;Z iwoZ fu/kkZfjr rjhds ls gh iwjs gksrs gSA bl izdkj ds flLVe dks ,d chart }kjk le>k;k x;k gksrk gSA ;g chart ,d izdkj dk ekufp= gksrk gS] ftlesas fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa] LFkkuksa o lEcU/kksa dks n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
(2) Informal Information System :- bl izdkj ds flLVe esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s dksbZ Hkh iwoZ fu/kkZfjr izfdz;k ugha gksrh gSA ;g ,d Employee base System gSa tks fd Personal o O;kikfjd t:jrksa dks iqjk djus o dk;Z lEcU/kh leL;kvksa dks lwy>kus ds fy, Design fd;k tkrk gSa blds ek/;e ls fofHkUu deZpkjh vkil esa Communication dj ldrs gSas tks fd Formal Information System esa lEHko ugh FkkA
(3) Computer based Information System :- ;g rhljh Js.kh dk Information system gS tks O;kikfjd vuqiz;ksxksa ds fy, Computer ij fo’okl djrk gS vktdy Computer lwpukvksa ds fy, vko’;d Source esa ls ,d gS Analyst leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, Computers dk use djrs gS blds fy, vko’;d gSa fd Analyst dks Computer dk Kku gksuk pkfg, dqN Computer vk/kkfjr System fuEu gSaA

Structured Analysis क्या है?


;s Graphical tools dk laxzg gS blds ek/;e ls Analyst dks ,d ,sls u;s System dk fuekZ.k djus esa enn feyrh gS tks User ds }kjk vklkuh ls le>k tk lds Structured Analysis, Analyst ds fy, u;s y{;ksa dk Structured Tools dk Use djrh gSa u;s y{; fuEu gksrs gSa


1- tgka rd lEHko gksrk gS User dks vPNs <ax ls le>kus ds fy, Grahics  dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
2- Logical vkSj Physical  System ds e/; varj dks iznf’kZr djrsa gS]
3- User dks System ds xq.k vkSj vkilh lEcU/kks dks Implement djus ls igys ifjfpr djus ds fy, Logical System Model dk fuekZ.k djrs gS
Structured Analysis’s Tools :-
            1. Data Flow Diagram
            2. Data Dictionary
            3. Structurud English
            4. Decision tree
5. Decision table
bldk mnns’; ,d u;k Document cukuk gksrk gS bls System Specification dgrs gS ;g Document System Design vkSj Implementation ds fy, vk/kkj iznku djrk gS la{ksi esa Structured Analysis ds fuEu xq.k gksrs gSa
1- ;g Graphical gksrk gSa] tSls DFD ,d fp= gksrk gS blds }kjk Application
esa mifLFkr lHkh Hkkxksa dks iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
2- Process ds NksVs Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gksus ds dkj.k System dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dk Li"V fp= iznf’kZr gksrk gS
3- ;g Physical ds ctk; Logical gksrk gS
4- ;g User area dk xgu v/;;u djus ds fy, iz;qDr gksrk gS

(1) Data Flow Diagram :-  blds vUrxZr fdlh Hkh leL;k dks le>kus ds fy;s dqN fpUgksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fpUgksa dks vkil esa ,d nwljs ds lkFk tksM+rs gq, leL;k dh 'kq:vkr] MkVk dk Flow rFkk izkslslhax dks le>k;k tkrk gSA pwadh ;g xzkQhdy gksrk gS vr% bl izdkj ls leL;k dks le>uk vklku gks tkrk gS
        DFD esa pkj fpUg iz;qDr gksrs gSa
1. Square ;k oxZ & ;g System ds Source rFkk Destination dks iznf’kZr djrk gS
        2. Arrow:- ;g Data ds Flow dks crkrk gSa
3. Circle:- ;g Process dk n’kkZrk gS ftlds }kjk Incoming Fata Flow dks Outgoing data Flow  esa :ikUrfjr fd;k tkrk gSa
4. Open Rectangle:- ;g Data Storage dks iznf’kZr djrk gSa tgka ij LFkk;h o vLFkk;h Data ,df=r gksrk gSa

Square
 
Oval:  Circle
 

                                                       
                            Arrow                                              Open Rectangle
 


DFD izfdz;k eq[; :i ls ogka vR;f/kd izHkko’kkyh gSa tgka ij vko’;d Design  Li"kV ugh gksrh ,oa User rFkk Analyses Communication ds fy, ,d fpfUgr Hkk"kk dh vko’;drk gksrh gSa

(2) Data Dictionary:- DFD esa Data Flow, Process vkSj Data Storage dks uke fn;k tkrk gS ;g Data dk uke bldk foLrkj Extension iznf’kZr ugh djrk gSA vFkkZr~ DFD esa vf/kdrj lwpuk,sa NksVs :i esa gksrh gSA vr% gekjk mn~ns’; ,d Structured LFkku dks cukuk gS tgka ij DFD ds lHkh rRoksa] Data Flow, rFkk Process dks j[kk tk ldsA ;g DFD esa iz;ksx fd, x, lHkh Data elements vkSj Data Dictionary dh iq.kZ ifjHkk"kkvksa dk lewg gksrh gSa Data Dictionary ds fuekZ.k ds nkSjku Analyst dks fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, A
1- izR;sd Data Flow ds fy, Data Dictionary  esa ,d Entry gksuh pkfg,
2- uke ds }kjk gh entry ifjHkf"kr gksuh pkfg,
3- Data definition esa iqujkofrZ o vuko’;d ifjHkk"kk, ugh gksuh pkfg,
4- Defination fy[kus dh fof/k fuf’pr ,oae Li"V gksuh pkfg,
               
        Data Dictionary Stuctured Spcification dk vVwV fgLlk gSa Data Dictionary ds fcuk DFD v/kwjk gS rFkk DFD ds fcuk Data Dictionary dk dksbZ mi;ksx ugh gksrk vr% nksuks ds chp vkilh lEcU/k vko’;d gSA

(3) Structred English & Dicision tree:- Dicision tree esa 'kk[kk, gksrh gSa ;g Policy  ds Logical Structure  dks ljyrkiwoZd vkjsf[kr djrk gSa ;g cukus le>us rFkk ifjorZu djus esa ljy gksrk gSA ;g Logic dks funsZ’k ds lewg ds :i esa iznf’kZr ugh djrk gSa fd;k tkrk
                        Type of customer        Order                                      Discount
               
                                                Order <5000                                Nil
                                       
                        Wholesaler                   Order >5000 and <10000            15%
Discount                                                          Order >10000                                  25% 
Policy
                                            Order <5000                       Nil    
Retailer                              Order >5000 and <10000                   10%
                                       
                                            Order >10000                       20% 

Decision-Tree


Structured English:- ;g eq[; :i ls Structured  Programming dh rjg gksrh gS bles funsZ’ksa dks iznf’kZr djus ds fy, Logical Constratious vkSj vfr vko’;d okD;ksas dk iz;ksx gksrk gSa dksbZ Hkh Decision If, Then, else tSls okD;ksa }kjk fy;k tkrk gSA
If order is from Wholesaler
and if order is for <5000 copies or more per book title
Then Disccount is Nil
Else (Order is for more than 5000 and <10000 copies per book title)
Then 10% Discount is allowed
Else (order is from liabraries or Individual customers)
If order is for 50 copies or more per book title
Discout is 15%
(4) Dicision table:- Decision tree dk eq[; nks"k bldh jpuk esa Information dh deh gSa Decision Table Problems dks ifjHkkf"kr djus vkSj fy, tkus okys fu.kZ; dh lwph gS ;g ifjfLFkfr;ksas vkSj fu.kZ; ds chp lEcU/k gS Decision table nks part gksrs gS Stub vkSj Entry
Stub post Hkh nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gksrk gSa mijh Hkkx dks Conditiobn Stub rFkk uhpyk Hkkx Action Stub dgykrk gSA
        Entry Part Hkh nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gksrk gSa mijh Hkkx dks Conditiobn Entry rFkk uhpys Hkkx dks Action Entry dgrs gSA


कैसे बने एक सक्सेसफुल ब्लॉगर How To Become A Successful Blogger In Hindi

आजकल वेबसाइट की तरह ब्लॉग भी लिखने का एक सरल और अच्छा माध्यम हे. ब्लॉग भी इन्टरनेट के जितना ही पुराना है. आज Blogging में बहुत अच्छे अवसर म...